水污染源源解析研究最新进展

采取有效措施监测监管污染物排放是实现污染减排目标的必要条件,而准确掌握流域内污染物的来源是实现污染源有效监管的技术依据,文章对水污染源源解析目标化合物选取、污染物扩散模型研究和污染区域受体模型研究的最新进展进行了评述,对其发展趋势进行了展望.     

活性炭吸附和脱附-等离子体氧化净化有机废气的研究

根据滑动弧放电等离子体适于降解高浓度有机物废气的特性,结合活性炭吸附法,提出了吸附器的吸附浓缩和热脱附-等离子体氧化净化有机废气的方法。在活性炭吸附过程中,最初2 h内甲苯净化率达到100%,随着时间的增加净化率下降;在热脱附滑动弧放电等离子体净化过程中,甲苯降解效率最高为97.3%。将滑动弧放电等离子体反应器出口气相产物收集进行FT-IR检测,发现放电后有CO2、CO、H2O和NO2产生,并分析了甲苯的降解机理。     

The structure of the fire fighting foam surfactant Forafac®1157 and its biological and photolytic transformation products

For several decades, perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) has widely been used as a fluorinated surfactant in aqueous film forming foams used as hydrocarbon fuel fire extinguishers. Due to concerns regarding its environmental persistence and toxicological effects, PFOS has recently been replaced by novel fluorinated surfactants such as Forafac®1157, developed by the DuPont company. The major component of Forafac®1157 is a 6:2 fluorotelomer sulfonamide alkylbetaine (6:2 FTAB), and a link between the trade name and the exact chemical structure is presented here to the scientific community for the first time. In the present work, the structure of the 6:2 FTAB was elucidated by ¹H, ¹³C and ¹⁹F nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and high-resolution mass spectrometry. Moreover, its major metabolites from blue mussel (Mytilus edulis) and turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) and its photolytic transformation products were identified. Contrary to what has earlier been observed for PFOS, the 6:2 FTAB was extensively metabolized by blue mussel and turbot exposed to Forafac®1157. The major metabolite was a deacetylated betaine species, from which mono- and di-demethylated metabolites also were formed. Another abundant metabolite was the 6:2 fluorotelomer sulfonamide. In another experiment, Forafac®1157 was subjected to UV-light induced photolysis. The experimental conditions aimed to simulate Arctic conditions and the deacetylated species was again the primary transformation product of 6:2 FTAB. A 6:2 fluorotelomer sulfonamide was also formed along with a non-identified transformation product. The environmental presence of most of the metabolites and transformation products was qualitatively demonstrated by analysis of soil samples taken in close proximity to an airport fire training facility.     

Formation of PCDD/Fs from oxidation of 2-monochlorophenol over an Fe2O3/silica surface

The role of iron in surface-mediated formation of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) from 2-chlorophenol (2-MCP) was investigated over the temperature range of 200-550 °C under oxidative conditions. In order to compare and contrast with previous work on copper and ferric oxide-mediated pyrolysis of 2-MCP, identical reaction conditions were maintained (50 ppm 2-MCP, model fly-ash particles containing 5% Fe₂O₃ on silica). Observed products included dibenzo-p-dioxin (DD), 1-monochlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (1-MCDD), dibenzofuran (DF), 4,6-dichlorodibenzofuran (4,6-DCDF), 2,4- and 2,6-dichlorophenol, 2,4,6-trichlorophenol, quinone, catechol, chloro-o-quinone, chlorocatechol and polychlorinated benzenes. Yields of DD and 1-MCDD were 2 and 5 times higher than under pyolysis conditions, respectively. Although 4,6-DCDF was the major PCDD/F product formed with a yield that was 2.5× greater than under pyrolysis, the yield of non-chlorinated DF, which was the dominant PCDD/F product under pyrolysis, decreased by a factor of 3. Furthermore, the ∼2× higher yield of PCDDs under oxidative conditions resulted in a PCDD to PCDF ratio of 0.75 compared to a relatively low ratio of 0.39 previously observed under pyrolytic conditions.     

有机污染胁迫对人工湿地中浮萍抗氧化系统的影响

湿地植物在处理高负荷有机废水时会受到不同程度的氧化胁迫。本研究基于对浮萍的有机污染胁迫模拟系统,通过对浮萍脂质过氧化和抗氧化防御系统的监测与分析,研究了浮萍对有机污染胁迫的耐受能力及胁迫去除后浮萍的恢复规律。结果表明,浮萍对有机污染胁迫具有较高的耐受性,在胁迫去除后,具有一定的恢复能力。在COD小于400mg/L时,浮萍并未受到氧化胁迫;当COD达到800 mg/L时,浮萍体内ROS含量上升,细胞膜脂过氧化加剧,但抗氧化酶活性升高,抗氧化物质含量增加,浮萍可保持生长,胁迫去除后,抗氧化防御系统可恢复到对照水平;当COD过高（≥1 000mg/L）,ROS急剧上升,抗氧化防御系统遭受破坏,造成不可逆伤害,胁迫去除后不能恢复正常生长。     

尾矿高浓度排放技术的发展概况及展望

对于尾矿传统湿排技术来说,不仅坝体的稳定性差,对环境也有极大的影响,然而高浓度排放技术有效地缓解或解决了这些问题。文章从尾矿脱水、料浆输送和尾矿沉积等多方面,介绍了高浓度排放国内外发展情况,如多段式到一段式脱水和脱水设备的发展、泵压输送中泵送设备的类型,以及尾矿沉积中排放口的布置方式等。介绍了边坡角预测理论,主要包括Blight和Bentel边坡角预测模型、Kupper提出的边坡角经验公式,以及Sofra和Boger提出的边坡角经验公式。指出了高浓度排放技术存在的问题,如膏体的定义不清晰、高浓度排放的适用条件、沉积裂缝和边坡角预测模型不精确。最后总结了高浓度排放的发展趋势,如膏体排放模式、排放口的中央式布置和设备选型,如高浓度底流和处理量的脱水设备,以及高压高效率的泵送设备等。     

雾化介质阻挡放电联合电晕放电对染料溶液脱色研究

实验将介质阻挡放电与电晕放电组合在一个反应器内,以靛蓝二磺酸钠溶液为实验废水,将高压电极上通入50Hz交流高压电,在常压空气中形成介质阻挡放电-电晕放电系统,放电产生的低温等离子体及其活性基团作用于染料分子。考察了电源电压、电极间距、处理时间对染料溶液脱色率和能量效率水平的影响,确定反应器工作状态为介质阻挡放电系统电极间距30mm、电晕放电系统电极间距25mm、电源电压20kV。     

河流沉积物中有机污染物的分析研究进展

总结了近年来河流沉积物中有机污染物的研究进展 ,集中评述了国内有关沉积物中多环芳烃、有机氯农药和多氯联苯的分析研究现状 ,包括样品采集、样品前处理和样品分析 ,并对今后河流、湖泊及水库沉积物中污染物的分析工作作了展望     

皖南丘陵地区小流域氮素径流输出的动态变化

以亚热带北部皖南丘陵地区小流域定位实地观测为基础 ,研究了农林共存小流域氮素径流输出规律。发现小流域氮素径流输出季节性变化明显。降雨和施肥是影响这一变化的重要因子 ,模拟分析表明 ,它们与氮素输出之间具有很好的线性相关关系     

垃圾堆肥场堆肥废气环境影响评价分析

垃圾堆肥场的建设将改变目前垃圾任意堆放的局面 ,堆肥产品可用于林业使垃圾得到无害化处理 ,并变废为宝。尽管如此在垃圾堆肥过程中还将释放出有害气体和垃圾渗透液等影响环境质量。针对堆肥所产生的大气污染物进行源强确定、扩散计算 ,分析其影响范围并推算卫生防护距离。